Electric Current & Electrostatics Notes DDCET Exam [ Gujarati / English]

Physics Exam Notes - Electric Current & Electrostatics
Electric Current ddcet

Preparing for your physics exam? Here are concise notes covering the essentials of Ohm’s Law, Coulomb’s Force, Resistance, and Capacitance.

1. Charge and Coulomb’s Force

Electric Charge ($q$)

  • Definition: An intrinsic property of matter causing force in an electromagnetic field.
  • Types: Positive ($+$) and Negative ($-$).
  • Unit: Coulomb (C).
  • Quantization: Charge exists in discrete packets ($q = ne$, where $e = 1.6 \times 10^{-19}$ C).
  • Conservation: The total charge of an isolated system remains constant.

Coulomb’s Law

Describes the electrostatic force between two stationary point charges.

$$ F = k \frac{|q_1 q_2|}{r^2} $$
  • $F$: Electrostatic force (N)
  • $k$: Coulomb's constant ($\approx 9 \times 10^9 \, \text{N}\cdot\text{m}^2/\text{C}^2$)

2. Electric Field, Potential, and Flux

Electric Field ($\vec{E}$)

Force per unit positive test charge.

$$\vec{E} = \frac{\vec{F}}{q_0}$$

Due to Point Charge:

$$E = \frac{kQ}{r^2}$$
Electric Potential ($V$)

Work done moving a unit charge from infinity.

$$V = \frac{W}{q}$$

Due to Point Charge:

$$V = \frac{kQ}{r}$$

Electric Flux ($\Phi_E$)

Total electric field lines passing normally through a surface.

$$ \Phi_E = \vec{E} \cdot \vec{A} = EA \cos\theta $$

3. Electric Current and Ohm’s Law

Electric Current ($I$)

Rate of flow of electric charge.

$$ I = \frac{dQ}{dt} \quad \text{or} \quad I = \frac{Q}{t} $$

Unit: Ampere (A)

Ohm’s Law

"Current is directly proportional to potential difference."

$$ V = IR $$

4. Resistance and Conductance

Formulas

Resistance ($R$) $$ R = \rho \frac{L}{A} $$
Conductance ($G$) $$ G = \frac{1}{R} $$

Combination of Resistors

Feature Series Combination Parallel Combination
Current ($I$) Same through all Divides inversely
Voltage ($V$) Divides Same across all
Equivalent ($R_{eq}$) $$R_{eq} = R_1 + R_2 + \dots$$ $$ \frac{1}{R_{eq}} = \frac{1}{R_1} + \frac{1}{R_2} + \dots $$

5. Capacitance and Capacitors

Parallel Plate Capacitor

$$ C = \frac{\epsilon_0 A}{d} $$

With Dielectric: $$ C' = K C_0 $$

Combination of Capacitors

Crucial Note:

The formulas for capacitors are opposite to those for resistors.

Series ($C_{eq}$)
$$ \frac{1}{C_{eq}} = \frac{1}{C_1} + \frac{1}{C_2} + \dots $$
Parallel ($C_{eq}$)
$$ C_{eq} = C_1 + C_2 + C_3 + \dots $$

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